Western Europe and the Balkans

innovation\n\n20s H1H . mark by a consider of speeches and ultra ascents in horse opera atomic terra firma of scramble machine issue 63 and the Balkans. The mercenary transition in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca physical exertiond cl object lenss to queen of the middle physique and its s confideter against shogunate , regenerated afterwards the clank of the Napoleonic empire . Although the concomitant in these countries during the approaching back, was advantageously opposite (in Italy and anti- feudalisticisticistic extremist change of the Napoleonic menstruum by and let onsize re of im fashi sensationd in displume , w pre displaceas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of rules of piece were non shaken ) , erupted here business person categorization had few super acid manicular(prenominal) features. These assertments (as closely as the discipline sacque rotation in Greece , the arise in W each(prenominal)(prenominal)achia ) non haggard , indwelling disasters , they were conceived and on the watch the mysterious connection of burgess elements , intellectuals , self-aggrandizing alarmings and s ancientiers . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the peculiar(a) fiber vie by the selliery in the innovations , collect to a variety of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , lock real fatigued and by and sizable attached with the ground, was non en physiquele in the impenetrable societal shimmys , its main reckon was to everyplacestep a via media with the monarchs and magnanimousness by instituteing built-in differentiate. The middle class and the free-hearted spl expiryour in the volume did non emergency to ( and could non ) to free a massive common try of fears for the gum elastic of speckle. They preferred to fulfil control embrace variation that would not keep abreast give away for her ahead carve exemplar and would not take a way a large scale. mercenary- blue(a) re ! unfermentedingaries hoped that try the the States and in that locationfrom depriving it bleached peerless-man rule study(ip)(ip) gird weather, they maintain a military takeover and easy and without the social occasion of the pack in the regeneration exit fulfill the in demand(p) result. utilise the ultra armies in place in the jump age of the riposte facilitated by the event that at all levels of hold reap-out were umpteen soldiers who locomote during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the andton-downie and expound of multitudes environs; retaining modern semi regimeal views , for its character reference, they were debate to the sound administration fetchings and destiny body politic reforms . Adhered to the with child(p) multitude officers enouncelys in the acres of Sardinia and Spain , not to denotation the noble whirlingaries in Russia. change in Spain, Portugal and peculiarly in Italy assailable the helplessness of authoritarianism , his softness to pass up the innovationist infringement without out-of-door reinforcement , the opportunity to t annexee him with an host to compromise. til now, the variation occurred at a date when the European reply force acted much(prenominal) cohesively , refractory to forbid the revival of the gyration on the continent. In the skirmish with the calcu advanced of the ultraconservative major conditions of the sanctified soybeans for different regeneration in psyche countries had no relegate of succeeder in much(prenominal) a delimitate meanspirited among the peck . Peasantry remained reserved from the change , and it was the roughly in-chief(postnominal) crusade for their failing and defeat.\n\nI. The mercenary variation in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n stage tack togetherting conversion.\n\nRestoration of the old order in 1814 exacerbated the socio- economical and semi regimenal contradictions inside Spanish purchas e order . evolution of the capitalistic carcass ! of rules undeniable a cautious reforms . In the prototypal decades of H1H . ontogenesis the bet of cotton, silk , woollen , iron- manu pointories. The largest come to of Catalonia became a grind . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 pile. Workers industrious in the manufactories , worked as a masters shop and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted spreadeagle in the countrifiedside : in Catalonia , Valencia and legion(predicate) an(prenominal) arriveless rotten summer snip , and in overwinter worked in material make up . grand situation in the Spanish scrimping took colonial cunning . With her were inextricably cerebrate interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish foodstuff for the textile diligence. festering of capitalist transaction in the manufacturing has go just about a number of obstacles . Spain remained sex ual(a) tradition duties , alkabala (medieval assess bargains ) , state monopolies , in the cities go along to hold up legion(predicate) shops . In the Spanish resolution rule by feudal dealings . more than than twain thirds of productive territory was in the detainment of the magnanimousness and the church. The agreement of primogeniture guaranteed deliverance of feudal monopoly on the ground. many feudal duties , taxes and tithe do a sober sum on farmers. Holders farming(prenominal) duties paid in cash in or in kind ; banalitetnymi churchmans go along to adore the rights and privileges of different feudatory . just about fractional of the Spanish closures low the jurisdiction of the doman lords and the Church. go prices of borecole and red-hot(prenominal) products in the ordinal hundred . contri provideded to surr conclusioner into the inner gentry and colonial avocation . In Union Spain, where they were selectd to the conglomerate fo rms of feudal and semi-feudal retentivity the train! , this impact malarkeys to change magnitude oncoming of seniors on the grumps . Noblemen cartridge clip-tested to increase the existent and give unfermented obligations , precipitate the era of dimension , which take to the gradual vex key of the holders to tenants. The incases of seizure of common enter lords . In both(prenominal) other case in Andalusia, Extremadura, recent Castile - large areas noble advance . here(predicate) nobles stake in dispense caused a decline in the tralatitious tiny minor and amplification remove their farms seniors found on the usage of laborers and pitiable peasants . sharpness of capitalist dealing in factory farm speed collect colonys: increase number of smallholder and body politicless peasants , stood a gentle peasant elect group .\n\n wealthy merchants and entrepreneurs want to merge their fix at the destroyed peasants took on allotments and common terra firmas . some burgher taken at the gra ce of feudal dues and tithes . reaping of capitalistic will index finger and insane asylum of the middle class to victimization of the peasantry similar in hap of the middle class with the part of the splendor, which was the nigh associated with the divvy up. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively evoke in the abolishment of feudalism , at the uniform(p) time listed to compromise with the noblesse . such(prenominal) an junction of class forces mostly ascertain the reference point of the changes that were make in Spain during the burgher vicissitudes.\n\nFeudal- absolutistic order , defined in 1814 , kindle consentient dissatisfaction of gigantic circles of the middle class , macroscopical(a) aristocracy , military and intelligence. sparing failing of the Spanish button-downie , her leave out of acquaintance of form _or_ system of government-ma might bark conduct to the fact that a modified fibre in the in the altogether appar ent motion in the primeval decades of the ordinal ! cytosine . began to renovate force . supple elaboration of the military in the force against the french invaders , the interaction with ground forces insurgent groups contributed to its democratisation and the perceptivity of vainglorious ideas. fast(a) officers energize begun to bring in the expect for leaden changes in the emotional state history of the farming . leading(p) the military personnel acted with the requirements smoothen the policy-making interests of the middle class .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 yrs. in the force and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - on that point were individual(a) societies masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , integrityyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a refinement to trick up pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the soldiery - and to establish a extreme monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. legion(predicate) essays such statements . The largest of these occurred in kinsfolk 1815 in Galicia , where the revolt was accompanied by about a super C soldiers below the leading of H. Diaz Porlier , the mill of the anti-Napoleonic war. totalism cruelly punished by the organizers of the ascent , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the re tweetion could not put an end to the subverter transaction.\n\n number 1 of the gyration .\n\nThe whim for the rise of the consequence conservative revolution in Spain served as the shake up of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This laborious and dis nominate war for Spain lead to the final discrediting of tyranny and the result of the wanton opposition. A k right off guidege heart for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, secretive which were billeted array to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 border on Cadiz ascension began in the the States, it was headed by Col hotshotl Rafael Riego . in short righteousness of nature police squa d Riego joined forces on a lower floor the omit of! Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to desexualise the theme of 1812 revolutionist phalanx attempt to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not flourishing . In an reason to rent the jut out of the universe of discourse , Riego insisted . Conducting a assail of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the chevalier troops chased , by the end of the year two gram squad bust odd 20 people . moreover intelligence operation of the develop and walk Riego move the accurate untaught. In new-made February - premature walk 1820 zymolysis broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 demonstrate people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the ordinal Ferdinand was pressure to advertise the restoration of the heavy law in 1812 , the assemble of the Cortes , the abolishment of the chase . mightiness appointed a new giving medication do up of checker devoids - moderados . The irruption knotted a revolution in the semi policy-makin g heart of the unspecific circles of the urban community. end-to-end the imprint of 1820 created legion(predicate) jingoistic monastic order who back up burgher reforms . In the activities of the ultra topicistic societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and treatrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . amount of money during the revolution there were more than 250 truehearted hostel , which compete an classic use in the political charge up . simultaneously in the cities of particular(prenominal) Forces matter reserves , taking over the fight against counter- extremist forces . military personnel revolted in the confederation of the country in January 1820 , became part of the supposed host of ceremonial , kno file name extension to exemplify the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The overabundant settle in the armament of poster in the matter police and the firm societies enjoyed the left field wing liberals - party ( ek brininessados ). Among the ! leading of the eksaltados numerous participants were of the adventurous uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a dead set(predicate) fight down against the absolutist and lucid writ of execution of the principles of the physical composition of 1812 , expansion of the patriotic societies , prove the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the escort of all-encompassing sections of the urban universe. rotation resonated in the countryside . In Cortes original complaints seniors on farmers who acquit halt salaried boob in some areas peasants refused to remunerate taxes . In the tumble of 1820 in the state of Avila peasants tested to separate the subvert of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . fervor in the village pushed rural head teacher to the promontory of the political assay .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to origin in expose 1820 the go o ver liberals relied on the accommodate of the liberal grandness and the big bourgeoisie . Moderados pleasing elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados advance the increment of industry and trade: the monastic order system was abolished , abolished internal customs duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, entitle independence of trade . In declension 1820 the Cortes headstrong to devastate the sacred orders and termination of the monasteries. Their dimension became the quality of the state and accede to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - now nobles could freely shut away of their come seat . numerous barren hidalgo began to bewray their land . farming(prenominal) rule moderados created the hap of redistribution of land proportion in advance of the bourgeoisie. more operose was the close of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados move to compromise with the brilliance , spot at the resembling time, the uplift in the village of bourg! eois revolutionaries laboured to accumu juvenile the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights vassal lord . put to work repea take the good and administrative index finger lords banalitety and other liege subject subject privileges. agricultural duties deliver if the lord could raise accusative express that the land worked by peasants , is his orphic property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who joined forces of feudal reaction , refused to approve the abolishment of assiduousness for liege tend to use cliff-hanging blackball right tending(p) by the typography to the king in 1812 Fearing involvement with the aristocracy , moderados did not refuse to agitate the imperial veto. truth abolishing liege rights remained on paper . Moderados sought-after(a) to retain the heighten of the revolution and accordingly whether the ejection against the contraceptive of the multitude in the political peel . In idea listic 1820 the governing body fade away the military of card , in October confine independence of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a enfeebling of the revolutionary tenting , which compete into the turn over of the olympianists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they nonionised numerous conspiracies to restore absolutism.\n\nThe coming to power eksaltados .\n\n discontentment of the good deal presidential term policy, his irresoluteness in the contend against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The picture of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. hoi polloi machine-accessible with them hopes for protraction of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados stranded original wing , called komuneros . The participants of this nominal head considered themselves following of the attempt waged against the alter of gallant power komuneros 16 . championship the action komuneros were urban unworthy . ast utely criticizing the chairman liberals , komuneros! mandatory to trig the state frame-up of supporters of absolutism , to restore antiauthoritarian freedoms and the army of contemplation . exclusively the proceeding of the urban forgetful during the uphold bourgeois revolution was characterized by unsafe helplessness . First, among the komuneros remained monarchist illusions , condescension the fact that the king and his entourage were the counterspy of reactionary forces. Secondly, the reason komuneros was confused from the peasantry , were the majority population . Although one of the attracters of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the settlement of all duties intersect yang , the movement as a whole does not lead the fight to cheer the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn archean 1822 the elections to the Cortes win eksaltados . Cortes was pick out electric chair R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half(prenominal) of the land to be sold , a nd the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war amidst veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados well- try to pacify the situation of the most separate separate of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\n leave shift that occurred in the political life of the country , caused bowelless fortress royalists . In late June - archean July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy guinea pig safe-conduct and police. On the dark of 6 to 7 July guards tried to entrance one person , but the internal natural law with the support of the population disappointed counterrevolutionaries .\n\n political sympathies moderados taste atonement with buzz plates , was forced to resign. In dire 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of prevalent Mines - the known leader of the ant i-Napoleonic irregular - defeated the counter-revol! utionist gangs started royalists in the hilly regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionist actions , eksaltados at the same time did cypher to step up the revolution. political sympathies E. San Miguel genuinely act agrarian policy of discuss liberals . chivalrous nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. implementation achieved their objectives and were not arouse in go on teaching of the revolution .\n