Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing Essay

Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing EssayIndividuals get together to form a root in order to accomplish a specific goal or task. The task was to fashion as a group and present a health topic by participating in a health join. The process of preparing for the health fair included developing a needs perspicacity tool, creating a teaching plan, making a march board, and creating an evaluation tool. In order to analyze group process, it is necessary to look at the developmental coifs of the group and the concepts involved in group conclusion making, conflict, and cohesion. The friendship of group concepts mass help me adjust to various roles in the health wangle team and how to be prep atomic number 18d for future challenges as a Registered Nurse.DiscussionDecision MakingTuckmans model is a theory used to evaluate how a group is developing. Dimock and Kass (2007), describe the five set ups of group growth called forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourni ng. Forming of the group takes place in the beginning stage, and tasks are distributed amongst the group. Group members are involved in making a number of group decisions that include how to organize and distribute the add, when to meet, and how to nestle the goal.Group decision making can be described as the process of moving from a diverse set of individual positions or preferences to agreement on consensus choice for the group (Kerr Tindale, 2004). For example, the decision on which health fair topic to teach to the public was made on consensus. in that respect were a number of similar topics on how to promote health to the community. Two groups had nutrition and it was immovable that both groups could ware the same topic but have different focuses. Our group had importance of breakfast while the separate group focused on fast food. Also, groups were placed at different ends of the school so instruction could reach a wide variety of people.Group members possess prior know ledge and expertise, which can be distributed within the group effecting group performance (Rulke Galaskiewicz, 2000). educatee D had background knowledge in computers and was given the task of calculating the results of the questionnaire. Student C had excellent communication skills and was able to hand out the questionnaires to several(prenominal) people. When designing the training needs assessment tool and the overall look of the display board, it was opinionated that student A would be assigned this task because of previous skills in arts.Other decisions based on consensus included, when to meet up as a group because it was important that each group member was there to contribute to the work. It was difficult to get together because of other priorities, family, work, and school. When making the learning needs assessment tool, it was decided that each member would bring a few questions each, to take forup the questionnaire. Also, decisions of what to bring to the health fai r and how to present the information took group effort and decision making. When a consensus is not made as a group, conflict can occur causing problems of reaching the goal.ConflictConflict is a normal stage of group development and can be seen in the storming stage of Tuckmans model. According to Jehn Mannix (2001), conflict occurs when group members have incompatible views and differences. Conflict can be characterized in three group called relationship, task and process conflict. Relationship conflict is when group members are not getting along causing emphasis and friction. For example, student E did not finish her journal on the date the group decided on. Also, student E was late coming to meetings and made decisions on their own without consensus of the group. This caused tension amongst the other group members and feeling of frustration towards student E.Task conflict is a difference of ideas and opinions regarding group task (Jehn Mannix, 2001). For example, when making the display board, students worked in pairs or individually and not as a group. Student C was unclear of what pictures should be used for the board and student A started placing pictures onto the board without group collaboration. There was a difference of ideas of what the board should display and how it should be displayed.Jehn Mannix (2001), define process conflict as an awareness of controversies about aspects of how task accomplishment will proceed. influence conflict pertains to issues of duty and resource delegation, such as who should do what and how much responsibility different people should get. This can be observed when making the learning needs assessment tool. The group made it clear of what task each student was assigned to do. During this assignment, each student had to bring in three questions to make the questionnaire. Student A did the typing, B and C were to collect the information and put it together, while student D and E had to do the reference. Student E de cided to do the assignment on her own which created conflict. There was no communication or decision making process as to how to create the questionnaire. The group could have handled this conflict differently by understanding group member roles and how they impact each other.CohesionThe group can be seen at the performing stage where interpersonal conflict has been resolved and a feeling of belonging to the group has been formed. In the performing stage, the group has a high degree of autonomy and work towards accomplishment of goals (Dimock Kass, 2007). For the health fair presentation, the group coordinated well in bringing the ideas of all group members. Student A gathered all the information to be displayed on the board. Student B and E chose the breakfast food items that were to be handed out. Student D was knowledgeable in how breakfast can affect student performance. Also, student C was able to get the message across to the public about the benefits of eating breakfast. Tow ards the end, group members understood each other better and became comfortable about beingness part of the group.LearningThese concepts are important as a Registered Nurse because leadership is an important quality. Leaders are skilled in thinking reflectively, communicating, making decisions, solving problems, and working with others (Sullivan Decker, 2005). This assignment has helped to practice and improve on my role as a leader and addition my confidence in this role. I hope to develop strong leadership abilities to meet the challenges in the role change to Registered Nurse.Working collaboratively, resolving conflict, communicating in an assertive manner are skills that students can learn to practice in groups. These skills are also valuable to new nursing graduates (Rideout, 2001). As Registered Nurses have opportunities for several leadership positions the need to increase knowledge of group process is important. According to Rideout (2001), applying principles of group dy namics to interactions with families and community groups during care is a part of everyday work of nurses. An example of a leadership role is a nurse as an educator. Nurses provide health teaching to clients and share expertise to team members. The ability to endure as an effective team member requires the ability to take on different roles (Dimock Kass, 2007).ConclusionIn conclusion, the health fair assignment has helped me to learn how to approach decision making, deal with conflict, and become a member of a team. It was a great learning experience to get out into the community to do health teaching. Being able to bring people together outside of the classroom and have fun teaching others about the importance of healthy eating. Using self-evaluation and being aware of these concepts can improve my leadership skills as a Registered Nurse in the health care team.

Theories on Dualism in Philosophy

Theories on Dualism in PhilosophyDualism in Philosophy is a theory which, at its basis, holds devil radically app arnt principles or concepts. One of the most commsolely held interpretations of dualism is the concept of the inhabitence of cardinal distinct human entities, that of personify and that of spirit. It is this interpretation of dualism that the following explication will predominantly address. Dualists believe that the understanding determines our personality and the proboscis is a container, or vessel for this self (REFERENCE).Widely considered as the dickens vanguards of modern dualism be substance dualism and property dualism. Substance dualism holds that the fountainhead or soul is a break in, non- natural entity from the human tune, whilst property dualism maintains that there is no soul distinct from the body but only bingle entity (the person) which has two irreducibly different types of properties, mental and natural (REFERENCE). Substance dualism l eaves near room open for the stance that the soul could perhaps exist separately from the body, either before birth or after death. Property dualism does non allow for this notion although does permit that both the mental and somatogenic relationship of rationality and effect to work in harmony together. The cause of one event may be run alongd as a physical event in the brain and under another event, as a desire, emotion or thought. Substance dualism however, has baffle increasingly omitted from the majority of contemporary discussions. It could this instant be considered that few philosophers currently find the idea of the soul coherent or productive.Although the first use of the term dualism was cited in the 14th century to describe the Islamic faith (REFERENCE), the Western philosopher who spoke most about dualism was Ren Descartes. Descartes believed that everything non-physical all feelings and sensations that can be described but cannot be located physically become pa rt of your mind or soul. Descartes dualism, (known as Cartesian Dualism) rested on very certain and definite ideas. He stated that the mind and body were two very different things and that all substances birth a property of a special nature. To offer an example, the property of the mind is consciousness, an entity whose entire essence is to think (and wherefore takes up no space), whereas the properties of bodily or material substances are length, breath or depth (and therefore their essence is to take up space). The mind has been wide considered as an intangible entity and non-physical in contrast to the body, which is extended and can take many material forms which can be described by their size, shape, position or movement (REFERENCE). Descartes considered that that the mind is the place in which a persons feelings, sensations and thoughts are known only to themselves, whilst all of the functions that the body performs are observable to all. His theory also insist the idea tha t both the body and mind interact with each other, the mind having an effect on the body and the body having an effect on the mind, although the body and mind endure separate. He maintained that our identity comes from the ability to think and reason and it is therefore conceivable that we could survive without our bodies (as the soul/mind is separate from the body) and still stay on the same person. Descartes was convinced that that we didnt need our bodies to live an intellectually aware and active demeanor and consequently the mind could escape death. He felt that even if we drastically changed or altered our appearance, hence it would not affect our personalities and upon observation it would still be possible to recognise someone by reference to his or her image (REFERENCE). As Descartes assertedOur soul is of a nature all self-supporting of the body, and consequently it is not bound to die with it. And since we cannot see any other cause which destroys the soul, we are naturally led to conclude that it is immortal Ren Descartes, Discourse on the Method, 1637 (REFERENCE)Dualism has received a lot of attention in the past and Descartes has not been the only philosopher who has written on the concept. Great thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle and Aquinas have all put forward their ideas on the subject each one differing slightly. Plato believed that the soul belonged to a level of reality that was higher(prenominal) than that of the body. He stated that the soul was immortal and this derived from his theory of ideas, which he called forms. Plato asserted that for every existence there is a improve form of said existence. For example for every chair there is an ideal, perfect form of that chair, as with every dog there is a perfect dog (REFERENCE). Platos form theory maintained that the physical world is where the body exists for the subject in order to receive sense impressions, whilst the soul is immaterial and is dependent of knowing eternal truths beyond the material world. All knowledge that we have acquired is from the acquaintance we have had with the forms before our immortal souls became imprisoned in our body. Thus, the ultimate tug of the soul is to break free of the chains of the body and flee to the realm of ideas. There it will be able to spend eternity in manifestation of the true, beautiful and the good (REFERENCE).Aristotle was another philosopher who tried to explain the idea of the body and mind. Even though Aristotle was a pupil of Plato, his thoughts on dualism were very different form that of Plato although he still believed that the soul was the part of the body that gives it life and that the soul turned all physical form into a living organism of its cross type (REFERENCE). Whilst Aristotle believed that the body and soul were inseparable he asserted that the soul still develops peoples skills, character and temper, but it cant survive death. Once the body dies then the soul inevitably dies with it, a nd this provides an example of early monistic theory. Monism is the theory that the mind and body are inseparable, and monists do not accept that an individuals characteristics are anything more than physical ones (any ideas of consciousness are nothing more than electrical brain activity). This is where Aristotles principles differ from monism. He believed that a human is not just a living, physical body and nothing more. He thought that the body and soul were different, and because humans have a soul they are capable of having an intellectual life (REFERENCE).Aquinas (REFERENCE) concur with Aristotle in the sense that he thought that the soul animated the body and gave it life and he called the soul the anima. Aquinas believed that that the soul operated freelancerly of the body and that things that are divisible into parts, are destined to decay. As the soul isnt divisible it is able to survive death. However because of the link with a particular human body, each soul becomes i ndividual so even when the body does die, the soul once departed still retains the individual identity of the body it once occupied (REFERENCE).The separation of the mind, or soul, and the physical body seems to be a concept which holds little weight under scrutiny. As Ryle (REFERENCE) asserted, to think of the body and soul as two separate entities is to make a category mistake and refers to what he considers the erroneous notion that the soul is something identifiably extra within a person, or to quote direct a ghost in a machine. Ryle famously illustrated his hypothesis with the example of the university A foreigner, having visited the colleges, libraries, sports facilities etc. asks to see the university Ryles intention was to emphasize the exigency of the various division parts to form a whole. However, in order to facilitate a conclusive analysis, a clear definition of the concepts discussed is essential. Thus, a soul may be defined as that which thinks, feels and desires a non-spatiotemporal essence that encapsulates the personal identity of an individual. The body may be identified as the frame in which the soul is contained.Ryle, in advocating the unity of body and soul, assumes a Materialist stance and would thus contend that those features for the most part attributed to the soul are all explainable in terms of neurophysiological reactions. In Confessions of a Philosopher, Brian Magee supported this view, claiming The human body is a single entity, one subject of behaviour and experience with a single history. We are not two entities mysteriously laced together. Yet, there has been an enduring allegiance to the inverse that we are composite beings of both corporeal matter and incorporeal soul, thus subscribing to Dualism. Plato, a genius proponent, asserted in his Republic that at death the immortal soul, temporarily imprisoned within the contingent, perishable body, rejoins the realm of eternal truths. In his 2nd Meditation, Descartes reinterp reted Platos arguments, reason that as our identity ensues from non-physical processes, such as the ability to reason, it is conceivable that we could survive a posthumous existence Our soul is of a nature entirely independent of the body and consequentlyit is not bound to die with it. And since we cannot see any other causes which destroy the soul, we are naturally led to conclude that it is immortal.The Materialist contention that the soul cannot exist without the body would ostensibly appear the more rational position. Some elucidation is, therefore, required to account for the otherwise unprecedented attention Dualism has received over the centuries and, accordingly, Ryles so-called category mistake. As may be inferred, the concept of a non-contingent soul affords the possibility of survival beyond physical death. In allowing for the fulfilment of a moralistic equilibrium the realization of human likely a validation of existence the remuneration of the pious and a basis for rejecting the alternative, the abrupt termination of individual consciousness, life after death may be considered a desirable objective. However, not one supposition of a seemingly inexhaustible list renders the proposition needfully true. Is it even coherent to postulate the existence of a non-empirical, unverifiable entity?There are four kinds of argument that may be raised in defence of the notion. First, we each have a unique consciousness, impenetrable to the outside world. Our thoughts, beliefs etc. may be inferred by others, but never directly experienced. Nevertheless, our body and its processes proceed outwardly perceptible. The existence of a soul resolves the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between the public and the private.Second, the fact that we are held morally accountable for our deeds presupposes that we have complete freedom of choice. However, the premise appears unsubstantiated when countered by the fact that our every thought may be described in terms of t he physiological processes occurring in the brain and central nervous system. These processes are accounted for by causal conditions extending beyond a person, prior even to their existence. If we are bound by such conditions that remain beyond our control, how may we be considered free, and, thus, held morally accountable? The postulation of some essence, independent of the deterministic causal chain, and with the capacity to influence moral choices provides a potential solution.Third, the quandary of multiple personality disorder must be remedied. If a body can house several personalities, each with its own distinct self-concept and target of behavioural patterns, the body is clearly not central to personal identity. How may this be accounted for? It is evident that we each possess a number of different, yet un-fragmented perspectives. In a pathological condition, however, what holds these perspectives together is lost. Does this suggest the existence of some ethereal glue, cemen ting the various facets of a self as one?Finally, there exist a number of people claiming to be in possession of paranormal powers such as telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis etc. In assuming these accounts to be accurate, the Materialist notion that the mind remains entirely dependant on intermediate physical agencies is negated.In sum, if undisputed, the implication of the deduction given is that humans may comprise partly of some imperceptible essence, independent of physical processes. Furthermore, if death remains no exception to the rule, it is plausible that, in a limited capacity, the soul may be preserved, and with it our self identity. However, are there sufficient grounds for refuting the evidence? In truth, convincing though the Dualist arguments may appear, not one case made remains entirely exempt from Materialist criticism. Recently, there has been increasing support for an anthropological view. In attempting an analysis of the brain, in The Minds I, Douglas Hofst adter offered the analogy of an ant small town A colony has different levels the colony itself, groups of ants such as workers, teams of ants, and individual ants themselves. We assign meaning to the higher levels (for example that a group of worker ants is removing the carcass of a fly) and hold that these higher levels convert information for the colony. But these higher-level patterns of behaviour are ultimately mere products of the random motions of individual, unintelligent ants. Thus, according to Hofstadter, our every thought, belief or idea is merely a product of random neural firings. It consequently follows that we need not appeal ultimately to meaning to account for reality we do so purely for the involvement of convenience.How well, therefore, do the four lines of argument raised stand up in light of this? The first may be immediately dismissed The fact that one individual organism may not experience the neural firings of another is unexceptional. In the case of the s econd If, on every occasion, what we formerly considered to be higher ideals and beliefs in truth function as labels, then moral law exists as little more that a highly complex system of control. The requirement to apportion a soul is, thus, mooted. Further more, the condition of multiple personalities may be explained by some form of repression, whilst numerous reports of paranormal incidents have prove fairly dubious. To this the following must be addedFirst, functions such as conceptualisation and memory recall are generally considered to be requisites of self-identity. The implication is that these processes are independent of the mind and could, thus, be sustained by our immaterial souls. The dilemma arises when faced with apparently irrefutable evidence of the inverse. It is widely accepted that, not only are certain mental abilities inherited, but that diseases affecting the mind, such as Downs syndrome, are genetically based. It may be, therefore, surmised that mental abili ty and function is significantly dependent on the hereditary process.Second, damage to the brain directly affects cognitive functions. For example, were a persons brain spheres to be severed, when presented with an object on the leave, the right hemisphere of the brain would recognise it. However, the left hemisphere, the main area for speech and communication, would receive no information via the corpus callosum. Thus whilst the person could point at the object, he could not recount what he sees.Third, certain psychological processes, such as memory, may be discerned as patterns of energy events within the brain. Although, as yet, direct correlation with individual energy transfers has not been possible, the localisation is sufficient to facilitate neurological research. Furthermore, various types of intelligence are associated with specific cerebral hemispheres, for example, the right hemisphere controls artistic and intuitive mental processes.On evaluation, evidence would appear to suggest that those features generally identified within a soul, could equally be explainable in terms of physiological processes. That is not to vocalise the Dualist has not attempted to evade the predicament. In fact, two schemas have been devised. Those subscribing to the first have postulated the immediate replacement of the body at death. For Buddhists the body is physical, for Christians spiritual. Although, with the reincarnate generally lacking any awareness of a previous existence and ethereal bodies widely acknowledged to exist on a different spatiotemporal plane, handicap remains difficult. Advocates of the second schema have suggested that the soul could exist disembodied, in a very limited capacity. For Catholics this may be temporally (Purgatory) until united with a body (Beatific Vision), or permanently (Hell).But what of Ryle and his ghost? The situation must be readdressed. It is clear that in attempting to rationalize the theory of the soul, one invariably ret urns to the scratch point that, whilst the notion cannot be dismissed entirely, it does appear physiologically unlikely. Ryles statement, however, was more than just a hypothesis it was a definitive claim. Thus, though empirical evidence seems to lean in favour of the Materialist, whilst Dualism continues as a legitimate possibility, Ryles contention will remain unsubstantiated.Ultimately, the concept of a soul depends on the equally unverifiable existence of some divine entity to effectuate this recondite posthumous transition. Here lies the significance although those Dualists subscribing to theism tend to recognise that the confirmation of their faith will be set up by eschatological verification, the concept of some spiritual self within plays a fundamental role in their lives, not only in the proviso of an intangible channel through which they might commune with God, but also in apportioning a sense of order, clarity and purpose to their existence.

Basic Structure Of A Computer System Computer Science Essay

Basic Structure Of A Computer System Computer Science EssayA calculating machine is an electronic braid capable of manipulating number and symbols, first taking input, processing it, storing and giving issue turnout under a control of come in instructions which is know as a broadcast. A general purpose computing machine requires the following ponderousw atomic number 18 comp nonpareilnts fund, storage device (hard disk drive), input device (keyboard, mouse etc.), output device (screen, printer etc.) and central processing unit (CPU). Many other components are involved in addition to the listed components to work unneurotic efficiently.Computers can be classified by size and power as followsPersonal computer Personal computers are small computers bowd on a microprocessor. A personal computer has a keyboard for inputting info, a monitor for output and a storage device for saving data.Workstation workstations are usually compelling than a personal computer. It has more power ful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.Minicomputer Mini computers are multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.Mainframe computer Mainframe computers are powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.Super computer Super computers are extremely fast computers that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. principal(prenominal) REPORT computer SYSTEMA computer establishment can be represented using the following block diagramCPU moundInterfaceTiming andControlAddress pileALUI/O wedgeread-only memoryKeyboardMouse etc. entropy slewControl BusClockThe CPU is can be expanded into three main parts The ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), The Bus interface Unit, and The Control Bus. The clock is an electronic go that gives regular pulses to the CPU. Faster clock speeds means more pulses to the CPU and the instructions are stepped through faster. The memory chip contains millions of separate memory gillyflowers and each of these mendings has a unequaled number. This is cognize as memory address. The CPU stores data at any of these addresses and fetch the content back when required.RAM stands for Random Access Memory. These chips store the instructions for running the operating system and any computer application. This memory overly stores all the data that is being worked on. RAM is a volatile memory which means that it that stores data while the computer remains switched on. When switched off, it loses all the stored data. ROM (Read Only Memory) on the other hand is a chip with architectural plan instructions permanently burned into it. The content is non lost even if the machine is switched off.The CPU can either fetch data from or relieve data when the appropriate memory location is accessed. Such data is transferred from the CPU to the memory location along the Data Bus. The control Bus is a come out of tracks on the computers motherboard that run from the CPU to the devices and works under the direction of the CPU.LOGIC GATESLogic supply perform lucid operation on one or more logic inputs and produce a single logic output. It processes signals which represent true or false. It is called Boolean logic and is most commonly utilise in digital circuits. Logic gates are identified by their function NOT, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR and EX-NOR and they are usually represented by capital letters.Logic logic gate SymbolsThere are two series of symbols for logic gates the traditional symbols which have distinctive shapes making them easy to recognise so they are widely used, and the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) symbols which are rectangles with a symbol inside to show the gate function.Traditional SymbolsSource http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmIECSource http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmInputs and OutputsAll Gates only a NOT gate have two or more inputs. A NOT gate has only one input a nd all gates have only one output. In the following figure, A and B are inputs and Q is the output.Source http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmOther types of gate used are NOT gate, AND gate, NAND (NOT AND) gate, OR gate and NOR (NOT OR) gate.Truth tablesA truth table is a good way to show the function of a logic gate. It shows the output states for every attainable combination of input states. The symbols 0 (false) and 1 (true) are usually used in truth tables. The example truth table on the right shows the inputs and output of an AND gate.Input AInput BOutput Q000010100111Computer numbering systemHumans speak to one another in a particular language and we use incompatible words and letters. Although we type words and letters in the computer, the computer translates those words and letters into numbers. Computers talk and understand in numbers. Those number systems are Decimal, Hexadecimal, and Binary.The Decimal takings System is the system is most frequently used in arithmetic and in everyday life. The decimal number system is also known as the base 10 number system as the position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 10. Each position only contains a number amid 0 and 9.The Hexadecimal number system is used to represent memory addresses or colours. It is also known as the base 16 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 16. Since the number system is represented in 16s, at that place are only 10 numbers and 5 letters (A to F).The Binary number system is used by most machines and electrical devices to communicate. It is also known as the base 2 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 2. Since it is represented it 2s, there are only 2 numbers that can be a value in each position 0 or 1.CPU COMPONENTSThe CPU is the acquaintance of the machine but it needs a pre-written program to create, use and modify the data. If the computer needs to compare two numbers, or add two numbers, this is carried out inside the CPU and the numbers have to be fetched into the CPU from the computers memory chip. The three main components of CPU are Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU), Bus Interface unit, and the Control Bus.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) carries out all the calculations and decision making tasks. The ALU uses devices called gates that receive one or more inputs and found up what function they are designed to perform, outputs a result. The basic operations of an ALU include adding and subtracting binary values as well as performing logical operations much(prenominal) as AND, NOT, OR AND XOR.The Bus Interface Unit takes the data to and from the CPU which is held inside internal registers (small memory stores) along the external Data Bus to read and write memory and devices. The Data Bus carries information in both directions. The Bus Interface Unit also places the required location addresses on the Address Bu s, so that the required devices can be accessed for reading or writing.The Control Bus is the physical connection that carries control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer. It decodes all program instructions and dictates all the CPUs control and timing mechanisms. It sends out the read and write signals on the Control Bus.COMPUTER MEMORYThe computer has to temporarily store the program and data in an area where it can be used by the computers processor to work. This area is known as the computers memory. It consists of computer chips that are capable of storing information. These information could be the operating system (e.g. DOS, windows etc.), the instruction of the program to run (e.g. a database or a selective service program), or the data that is used or created (e.g. letters from word-processing or records from a database). There are different types of memory used in a computer system. They are Cache memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), and Virtual Memory.Cache memory is extremely fast memory that is build into a computers CPU (L1 cache) or in some cases located next to it on a separate chip (L2 cache). L1 cache is faster than L2 cache as it is built into the CPU. These days, newer computer come with L3 cache which is faster than RAM but lazy than L1 and l2 cache. Cache memory is used to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs and helps to improve overall system speed. The reason it is so fast is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboards system bus for data transfer.Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chip that consists of a large number of cells, each cell having a fixed capacity for storing data and unique address. RAM is a volatile memory which means all the programs and data in the memory is lost when the machined is switched off. There are different types of RAM modules acquirable much(prenominal) as SODIMM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3. SODIMM are used for laptops whereas the rest are used for desktop computers.Read Only Memory (ROM) is a memory chip in which the program instructions are permanently burned into. It is non-volatile which means its content is not lost even when the machined is switched off. It is used to store some of the system programs that spare the computer running smoothly. For example computer BIOS (basic input out system) is stored on the ROM. There are different types of ROM available such as Programmable ROM (PROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM).Virtual Memory is a part of most operating system. It is used when the amount of RAM is not enough to run all the programs. If the operating system, an email program, a web browser, a word processor, a Photoshop application are loaded into the RAM simultaneously, the RAM will not be able to handle all applications and thus the computer looks at RAM for areas that have not been used recently and copies them onto the hard drive. This frees up space in RAM to load new application. But because the read/write speed of a hard drive is much slower than that of RAM, the performance is not satisfactory. It is not recommended to use virtual memory as it is slow. The solution to this problem would be to upgrade the memory.SYSTEM SOFTWAREA computer system is not complete without system package. For a computer to perform any tasks, both packet and hardware are equally important. System software gives life to hardware. System softwares are the files and programs that make up a computers operating system. It includes libraries of functions, system services, driver for hardwares, system preferences, and other configuration files. System software comprises of Assembler, Debugger, Compilers, operate System, File management tools etc. The system software is installed on the computer when the operating system is installed. It can also be updated by running programs such as windows update.The system softwar e is also called low-level software as it runs at the most basic level of the computer. It generates the user interface and allows the operating system to interact with the hardware however system software is not meant to be run by the end user like application programs. Application programs such as web browser, or Microsoft word is often used by the end user whereas the end user does not use an assembler program unless he/she is a computer programmer. The system software runs in the background and thus the user does not have to worry about what the system software is doing.CONCLUSIONIn the report, the basic structure of a computer system was described with diagram. several(predicate) components such as CPU, memory, BUS, input/output devices that form a computer system were identified and explained. General ideas about Logic gates were given and different number systems used by computers to represent data were also described. As the CPU is the main part of a computer system, it was further looked into and Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Bus and Bus interface Unit were discussed. Different types of memory and their uses were explained and the importance of the system software was discussed finally.

Observation Essay †The Clown -- Observation Essays

Observation Essay The ClownHes a young man, the clown, with white socks striped in black, and black suspenders over a white T-shirt. White face, red nose. His MO is to follow people and imitate their motion without their noticing, to the glee of the sizeable, ever-changing audience. Were sitting here on the steps of the Museum, bouncy and sweaty, watching the show. The clown can follow anyone a slinky woman wearing pink ruffles, a kid with a mountain bike, a muscle-shirted comrade talking Spanish on a cell phone, an old man walking his schnauzer, a big gray pigeon bobbing this way and that in search of food, and so taking flight. Now he slides behind high-school girlfriends, floppy-sandaled flirts leaning toward each other and flinging back their hair with unthinking charm, the clown their vampy shadow. When he bids them goodbye, he flourishes a soft, velvet-bodied decease hat, and you can see his head is shaven, except for a forelock. Now hes got a routine with a bottle of wat er. Its stuck in his mouth and silently he implores a guy to get it out for him. He has a way of getting sudden spurts of water to cascade from it, while he looks surprised and delighted at once. I have persuaded my friend Kati to leave me here for an hour in the afternoon sun while she completes her tour of the Impressionists inside. Shes in New York this once, visiting from Hungary, while I live in Philadelphia and can come back any time I choose. I became hot and dizzy while standing on a Rouen street, basking in the sun before Monets Cathedral. A red tide rose inside my eyeballs. Kati set up me clinging to a bench in front of Seurats Circus Sideshow and hauled me off to the Ladies Room, where she sprinkled cool water on my neck an... ...e gently, informing me that I have a virus, melodramatic old fool that I am. The clown has taken his place at the foot of the stairs and conducts us spectators like an orchestra, getting us to admire in counterpoint. Then he mimes a family, t hree kids, all of whom need to eat and drink, and proffers his floppy hat for our sustenance. When I hold out two dollars, he comes over and mimes opening the doors of his chest, so that the heart within flutters out to me. Kati comes and we head home, our minds full of the art we saw today. As I rise from my spot on the steps, I see the clown shadow a man walking six dogs all at once, working his body back and forth on the leash of the unruliest, a sheep-dog. Then he takes a bottle of water offered by a vendor and puts it in his ear. Water squirts from his mouth, and he smiles, looking short skyward, one hand on his hip.

Malcolm X Essay -- segregation, racism

"When a person places the proper value on freedom, there is nothing under the sun that he will not do to sham that freedom. Malcolm X                                             The DictionaryWhen those of us are asked to opine of the legacy of a man, who confronted the issues at hand and pointed the fingers at the root and the existence of the problem, we think of Malcolm X. You begin to think of the powerful speeches and the passionate remarks made about the pressing issues that were at hand and you begin to think of the life he led and those he touched by means of his words. Some, would generalize that Malcolm x, had attended high school and even attended college. Well unfortunately they would be sadly mistaken. They have quite a clouded suck in on that man, who called himself Malcolm X. Shock ingly all of Malcolms education was through his m spent during his sentence in prison, for the crimes he committed on the street. It all began for Malcolm, during his time in prison when he was confronted countlessly by a man named Bimbi. Bimbis also an inmate at the time, had a broad knowledge of the world and its surroundings, and therefore gave Malcolm a reason to change his way of life. Malcolm became frustrated when he was in able to express his...

The Enlightenment Period and Napoleons Rule Essay -- European History

The time of the Enlightenment was a time of great change, reform, and the topic of great minds such as Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and even Copernicus. These men cleared the path to thinking in a new way and brought about the change undeniable for the Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment allowed people to think more critically and even was the time in which the Experimental Method was consolidated by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Buckler, J., Crowston, p.592 para. 6). It allowed people to set about to think out of the box if you will. Monarchies and the power of the king before this time ruled over the general population unthreatened and very rarely did opposition decrease to stand. Quite often if opposition did stand it was shortly met with a quick disbanding, or even the death of the heretic that created the uprising. Napoleon was a good precedent he did not stand for freedom of speech and quite often worked to regulate public opinion. However, with the E nlightenment around the corner, it helped to pave the way and prepare the bucolic of France for the French Revolution. Comm unityrs, as well as the clergy, and nobility began to stand up more against monarchical rule, and voiced their opinions on controversial subjects. With the emergence of Napoleon nap the future of France seemed to be a dictatorship nether his rule inevitably. The French Revolution was a time also of great change. The hopes of the people were moving from an absolutist monarchy to a hopeful constitutional rule by the peoples, with the help of the Estates General which had not been called upon since 1614 (Buckler, J., Crowston. P.689, para. 3). In July, of 1788 King Louis XVI listened to his people and called a spring sessions of the est... ...lution by commanding the states as emperor. Although he did solve many economic crises, won many victories in strategic encounters, and helped progress equal rights among citizens, he did not continue the most important ideal of the French Revolution which was to be more about a people governed constitution not a dictatorship under Napoleon. In Conclusion, Napoleon was a very charismatic leader, and did many great things for France. As an emperor he was more than well liked and was probably one of the most intriguing individuals of his time, he was a brilliant strategic thinker, and got what he aimed at done generally. However, his over ambitious thoughts led to his downfall at the battle of Waterloo in which the allies of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain defeated him and imprisoned him on the island of St. Helena far off the western coast of Africa.

Lord Of The Flies: Flames Of Determination :: essays research papers

Being a part of a group of children having to adapt after being trapped on a island with no adjoin civilization is an unimaginable situation. However, William Golding shows just how terrifying it can be in his novel, Lord Of The Flies, by his use of symbols to represent hardships. The main symbols, which best portrays characteristics are the ardor and the conch symbols leadership and confidence.Ralph feels the need to create a better place as he attempts to get everyone home. Although he is demanding, Ralph shows that he has good ideas and can enforce what he thinks should happen "Shut up," said Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. "Seem to me we ought to have a chief to decide things," (Golding, 22)." His forcefulness gains respect and a confident solution from the others. "Ralph smiled and held up the conch for silence," (Golding, 23)." The conch is mentioned and revered as one of the symbols of such power. As Ralph blows the conch, the others dr aw nearer, compelled to follow "By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded," (Golding32). Piggy, however, was aware of the conch first, but Ralph was assign with its discovery and use. When it was first found, Ralph thought it was a stone in the water but Piggy saw it as the home and explained what he knew about it"A stone." "No. A shell." Suddenly Piggy was a-bubble with decorous excitement. "Sright. Its a shell I seen one like that before. On someones back wall. A conch he called it. The shell emits a deep harsh note boomed. Ralph was amazed at the sound. "Gosh" (Golding, 17) The sheer importance of the discovery of the conch, in addition to its appealing sound, it symbolizes the unity of everyone. Ralph, again, shows his leadership abilities as he recognizes the use of the conch, "Conch?" "Thats what this shells called. Ill give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when hes speaking, " (Golding, 33). This designation shows the beginnings of organization and sharpening skills of the children.Another symbol of strength and command is the fire. Enforcing the rules proves to be a difficult task, but the children would rather play than keep the fire going. Ralph gives the idea for the fire, but it seems to be a formidable task Theres another thing.